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This is a rough, deliberately conservative illustration built only from your answers. It is not tax advice and not a promise of any result — your real numbers depend on your full situation, and we'll go through them with you.
It assumes money comes out of your pre-tax accounts at about 4.5% a year (roughly the pace of required minimum distributions), and that planning the order and timing of withdrawals and Roth conversions can lower the tax rate on that money by a few percentage points — more at higher incomes. It also counts typical Medicare income surcharges (IRMAA) that planning can help avoid, and planning for a surviving spouse's higher single-filer tax brackets. Your age and retirement timeline set how soon Medicare surcharges and required withdrawals come into play. If you already have a written plan, the estimate is reduced.
The age your required withdrawals start comes from the year you were born, not from a single number everyone shares: 73 if you were born between 1951 and 1959, 75 if you were born in 1960 or later. Roth IRAs have no required withdrawals during your lifetime, and inherited accounts follow their own rules.